上、下、里、外、前、后

HSK-G-3
HSK 1 词类 名词

Why do we say 手机里 but 桌子上, even though a screen is flat?

Your phone is a box, not a shelf, so data lives 里, not 上.

A phone is a container, not a surface. Messages, photos, and money all sit 里 because they're stored inside the device. 上 is for things resting on top of something with real physical contact: 桌子上, 墙上, 脸上, 书上. So you say 我手机里有很多照片, never 我手机上有微信. Books split the same way: 书上有你的名字 means ink printed on the page, while 书里有个好故事 means content inside. Before you pick, ask one question: is this thing sitting on top, or stored inside? If it's inside, use 里 — this is the same 'there is' pattern you already know from 桌子上有书.
Situation / PatternFormulaNaturalAvoid
Money, photos, messages inside your phone手机 + 里手机里的钱 / 我手机里有微信手机上
A cup or book resting on furnitureN + 上桌子上有本书桌子里
Words printed on a page or stuck on a wallN + 上墙上挂着一张照片墙里
Content or files inside the objectN + 里书里有个故事书上有个故事 (only for print)

Do I really need 里 in 我在家里, or is 我在家 enough?

在家 is fine — 里 only earns its keep for real containers.

里 is optional for a short list of places you're already inside: 家, 学校, 公司, 宿舍. 我在家吃饭, 我在学校等你, 他在公司加班 all sound completely normal. Adding 里 isn't wrong, it just sounds heavier and more specific: 我在家里等你 means 'I'm inside the house, waiting.' But you can't drop 里 from actual containers — 钥匙在包里 is fine, 钥匙在包 sounds broken. Rule of thumb: if the place already means a whole building or your own home, 里 is decoration. If the noun is a container, 里 is required. Same logic applies to 在 as a location word in general.
Situation / PatternFormulaNaturalAvoid
Home, school, office — you're already inside在 + 家 / 学校 / 公司我在家吃饭我在家里吃饭 (fine, but heavy)
A real container with walls在 + N + 里钥匙在包里钥匙在包
Quick text asking where someone is在 + 家 / 公司 + 吗你在家吗你在家里吗 (sounds stiff in a text)
Emphasizing you're indoors right now在 + N + 里我在家里等你我在家里面 (overkill)

Why does 桌子上有书 flip to 书在桌子上?

Put the place first with 有, the thing first with 在.

The order follows whatever you're pointing at. 桌子上有本书 means 'On the table there's a book' — you're scanning a scene and reporting what you find. 书在桌子上 means 'The book is on the table' — the book is already known, and you're saying where it lives. English lets you flip these freely, but Chinese locks each one to its own pattern. 书在桌子上有 is broken because you started one pattern and finished with the other. New information? Lead with the place and 有. Already known? Lead with the thing and 在. This is the same 有-sentence logic behind 我手机里有照片.
Situation / PatternFormulaNaturalAvoid
Reporting what exists somewherePlace + 有 + Thing桌子上有本书书在桌子上有
Saying where a known thing isThing + 在 + Place书在桌子上在桌子上书
Nothing is therePlace + 没有 + Thing桌子上没有书在桌子上没有书
Missed delivery, looking for your packageThing + 在 + Place + 吗我的快递在门口吗门口有我的快递吗 (asks what exists, not where)

Can I swap 里 for 中 and say 家中 instead of 家里?

家里 is everyday talk; 家中 belongs in a news broadcast.

里 and 中 mean roughly the same thing, but they live in different worlds. 家里, 学校里, 公司里 are plain spoken Chinese. 家中, 校中, 心中 are formal, written, or frozen inside set phrases. Drop 中 into a WeChat message and you sound like a CCTV anchor reading the news. 中 also appears in words like 中国, 中间, 中午 where it isn't marking 'inside' at all. For daily conversation at HSK 1, stay with 里 every time. You'll run into 中 in headlines, essays, and wedding invitations — that's where it belongs.
Situation / PatternFormulaNaturalAvoid
Everyday talk about home, school, workN + 里我在家里我在家中 (too formal)
Headlines and formal writingN + 中家中无人家里无人 (too casual for print)
Containers you carry aroundN + 里钱包在包里钱包在包中
Feelings (fixed phrase)心里心里有点紧张心中 in casual chat (sounds literary)

Why does 前 mean 'in front' in 前面 but 'ago' in 以前?

In space 前 means 'in front'; in time it means 'earlier'.

前面 and 后面 are about physical position — where your body is pointing. With time words, 前 means earlier and 后 means later, so 以前 is the past and 以后 is the future. 三天前 is three days ago, 三天后 is in three days. English already does this with before and after, so your instincts mostly carry over. The one trap is 前途 and 前程, which mean 'future prospects' — that's a metaphor about the road ahead, not time math. Whenever a number or 以 shows up, 前 points backward. See also time words with 以前 / 以后.
Situation / PatternFormulaNaturalAvoid
Physical position in a room前 / 后面我坐前面我坐以前
Earlier in timeTime + 前三天前 / 以前三天后 (means the opposite)
Later in timeTime + 后三天后 / 以后三天前 (means the opposite)
Front of a building or lineN + 前面邮局在超市前面邮局在超市以前

Appears in Stories 11 stories

《找“大白”》 Looking for Big White
HSK 1 ~5 min read 361 chars
Read story →

A young man helps an old man look for his cat. But the real surprise is why the old man wanted to find the cat. Read on to learn about kindness and friendship.

  • 白天明住在中国的一个大学里。

    Bai Tianming lives on a university campus in China.

  • 一天,白天明在学校大门口前边看见有人写了找猫的话:“我想找一只大白猫。

    One day, in front of the school's main gate, Bai Tianming saw a notice someone had written looking for a cat: 'I'm looking for a big white cat.'

  • 白天明天天在学校里找大白猫。

    Every day, Bai Tianming looked for the big white cat around the school.

  • 一天下午,白天明去三号房间看老先生。

    One afternoon, Bai Tianming went to Room 3 to visit the old man.

  • 白天明看见老先生的家里,有一只很大很白的大猫。

    Bai Tianming saw that in the old man's home there was a very big, very white cat.

  • 老先生对白天明说:“我八十岁了,儿子和女儿都在北京工作,我一个人住在这里。

    The old man said to Bai Tianming, 'I'm eighty years old. My son and daughter both work in Beijing, and I live here alone.'

  • 天天在家里,很多天都没有人和我说话。

    Day after day at home, I can go many days without anyone talking to me.

  • 白天明听了,坐在老先生前边。

    After hearing this, Bai Tianming sat down in front of the old man.

《七号桌的客人》 The Guest at Table Seven
HSK 1 ~5 min read 396 chars
Read story →

This heartwarming story reveals the quiet devotion of a father. As you read, notice the repeated actions and how a simple cup of tea becomes meaningful.

  • 常大中在一个饭店里工作。

    Chang Dazhong works at a restaurant.

  • 老先生天天都坐在七号桌子前。

    The old gentleman sits at Table 7 every day.

  • 他一个人坐在那儿,看外边。

    He sits there alone, looking outside.

  • 一天晚上,大中去七号桌子前。

    One evening, Dazhong goes over to Table 7.

  • 老先生看看大中,对大中说:“五年前,我儿子也在这家饭店工作。

    The old gentleman looks at Dazhong and says, 'Five years ago, my son also worked at this restaurant.'

  • 他天天晚上九点下班,我坐在七号桌子前看他。

    He used to get off work at nine every night, and I would sit at Table 7 and watch him.

  • 我天天坐在这儿看外边,觉得我儿子还会回来。”

    I sit here every day looking outside, feeling that my son will still come back.

《五块钱》 The Five-Yuan Gift
HSK 1 ~6 min read 414 chars
Read story →

This heartwarming story shows how a small act of kindness can be passed on. Follow Gao Xianming as he learns an important lesson about generosity in his new city.

  • 高先明的手机里也没有钱。

    Gao Xianming didn't have any money on his phone either.

  • 前边有一个卖水果的老先生。

    Up ahead was an old gentleman selling fruit.

  • 老先生来到高先明前边,给高先明五块钱。

    The old gentleman came over to Gao Xianming and gave him five yuan.

  • 高先明去前边,给安小语五块钱。

    Gao Xianming went up to the front and gave An Xiaoyu five yuan.

《热面条》 Hot Noodles on a Cold Night
HSK 1 ~5 min read 399 chars
Read story →

Follow Dazhong, a busy worker in China, as he finds warmth and kindness at a small noodle shop. Practice everyday words for food, weather, and expressing gratitude.

  • 晚上,大中去公司前边的一个小饭店吃饭。

    In the evening, Dazhong heads over to a little noodle shop in front of his office for dinner.

  • 一天晚上,外边下大雨,天气非常冷。

    One evening, pouring rain beat down outside and the weather turned bitterly cold.

  • 大中到饭店前,看见老先生一个人坐在桌子前,在看外边。

    When Dazhong arrived in front of the shop, he saw the old gentleman sitting alone by a table, looking out into the rain.

《三号病房的苹果》 The Apple in Ward Three
HSK 1 ~3 min read 191 chars
Read story →

Enjoy this simple story about a patient and a mysterious apple. It shows how a small act of kindness can make someone feel at home, and you'll learn key words for feelings and daily life.

  • 天天下午,桌子上都会多出一个很大的苹果。

    Every afternoon, a very big apple would appear on the table.

  • 桌子上有老先生写的字:“我的朋友,你天天都好!”

    On the table was a note written by the old man: "My friend, may you be well every day!"

  • 马家友吃了手里的苹果,觉得这个苹果真好吃!

    Ma Jiayou ate the apple in his hand and thought it was really delicious!

《星期七》 The Week Without Seven
HSK 1 ~2 min read 82 chars
Read story →

Before you read, try clapping the rhythm. This poem introduces the days of the week and a fun secret: Chinese has two names for Sunday, but no 'Week Seven'!

  • 星期一后星期二。

    After Monday comes Tuesday.

  • 星期四前星期三。

    Wednesday comes before Thursday.

《一到十二月》 Twelve Months of Love
HSK 1 ~2 min read 108 chars
Read story →

Welcome! This short poem helps you practice the months, weekdays, and mealtimes in Chinese. Read it aloud and notice the rhythm. You already know many of these words!

  • 早上吃早饭,上午喝早茶,中午吃午饭。

    In the morning, I eat breakfast; in the late morning, I have morning tea; at noon, I eat lunch.

  • 下午下午茶,晚上吃晚饭。

    In the afternoon, I have afternoon tea; in the evening, I eat dinner.

《大飞机》 The Big Airplane
HSK 1 ~2 min read 97 chars
Read story →

Read about a work trip to Beijing where a group of colleagues takes a very large airplane. Practice weather words and actions in a simple travel story.

  • 上个星期,我们公司的六个人去北京开会。

    Last week, six people from our company went to Beijing for a meeting.

《吃的东西和喝的东西》 Buying Food and Drinks
HSK 1 ~4 min read 305 chars
Read story →

This is a short dialogue about a shopping trip. A woman buys many things, including food, drinks, furniture, and pet food, while her boyfriend reminds her not to overspend.

  • 我:“上个星期天,你说你喜欢他们的那个桌子和那个电脑椅。

    Me: 'Last Sunday, you said you liked their table and that computer chair.'

《我的家人(2)》 My Family Members
HSK 1 ~2 min read 141 chars
Read story →

This playful rhyme helps you learn family words in Chinese. Practice saying who's who with simple questions and answers!

  • 人人爱学习,天天去学校,上午读读书,下午写写字。

    Everyone loves learning. Every day we go to school: we do some reading in the morning and some writing in the afternoon.

《苹果十九》 Waiting for iPhone 19
HSK 1 ~2 min read 99 chars
Read story →

Read this short story about people waiting in the rain for a new phone. You will practice numbers, time, and everyday vocabulary.

  • 苹果商店外边人很多,一半儿是北京大学的大学生。

    There were a lot of people outside the Apple Store; half of them were students from Peking University.

Questions & Discussion 0 questions

Logged in as: ()

No questions yet. Have a question about this article? Be the first to ask!